O ativismo digital da Justiça Social das Mulheres Afro-Brasileiras youtubers

  • Gladys Mitchell-Walthour Associate Professor of Public Policy & Political Economy Department of African & African Diaspora Studies University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Palavras-chave: Youtubers, Feminismo Brasileiro Negro, Ativismo digital, Justiça social, Brasil.

Resumo

Este artigo examina como as mulheres afro-brasileiras youtubers empregama estratégia de desafiar o racismo, o sexismo e o colorismo através de suas própriasarticulações do feminismo negro-brasileiro. Elas não fazem parte de organizaçõesfeministas, mas são uma nova forma de ativistas, pois são ativistas sociais digitais. Suasestratégias são educar o público e desafiar o público a mudar a forma como pensam etratam as mulheres negras, de modo que o público não produza racismo e sexismo,enquanto fortalecem as mulheres e meninas afro-brasileiras. Eu argumento que essasyoutubers estão engajadas no ativismo digital negro-feminista. Essas mulheres utilizamos meios de comunicação do Brasil e dos EUA, portanto, estão engajadas em como aopressão funciona nos dois países, com foco no Brasil. O YouTube é outra plataforma queos estudiosos devem considerar quando pensam em ativismo digital.

Referências

Arias, Omar, Gustavo Yamada, and Luis Tejerina. 2004. “Education, Family Background and Racial Earnings Inequality in Brazil” International Journal of Manpower 25 (3/4): 355–374.

Bailey, Stanley, Mara Loveman, and Jeronimo Muniz. 2013. “Measures of ‘Race’ and the analysis of racial inequality in Brazil.” Social Science Research 42(1): 106–119.

Bairros, Luiza. 1991. “Mulher Negra: O Reforço da Subordinação.” In Desigualdade Racial no Brasil Contemporâneo, ed. Peggy Lovell, 177–193. Belo Horizonte: MGSP Editores, Ltda.

Bonilla, Yarimar and Jonathan Rosa. 2015. “#Ferguson: Digital protest, hashtag ethnography, and the racial politics of social media in the United States.” DOI: 10.1111/amet.12112

Brock, André. 2012. “From the Blackhand Side: Twitter as a Cultural Conversation” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media: 529-549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2012.732147

Caldwell, Kia. 2007. Negras in Brazil: Re-envisioning Black Women, Citizenship, and the Politics of Identity. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Campante, Filipe, Anna R. V. Crespo, and Phillippe G. P. G. Leite. “Desigualde Salarial entre Raças no Mercado de Trabalho Urbano Brasileiro: Aspectos Regionais.” Revista Brasileira de Economia 58(2):185–210.

Campos, Ana Cristina. 2016 “IBGE: Celular se consolida como o principal meio de acesso à internet no Brasil.” December 22, 2016 http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2016-12/ibge-celular-se-consolida-como-o-principal-meio-de-acesso-internet-no-brasil (accessed on September 6, 2017).

Carneiro, Sueli. 2010. “Insumias: Racismo, Sexismo, Organizacion Politica y Desarollo de Mujer Afrodescendiente.” Lima: CEDET, Centro de Desarrollo Étnico.

Carneiro, Sueli. 2003. “Mulheres em Movimento.” Estudos Avançados (17): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103–40142003000300008 (accessed July 8, 2017).

Collins, Patricia Hill. 1990. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. London: Harper Collins.

Cox, Jonathon. 2017. “The source of a movement: making the case for social media as an informational source using Black Lives Matter.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 40:11, 1847-1854, DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2017.1334935

Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 1991.“Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43(6): 1241–1299.

Donovan, Roxanne and Linsey M. West. 2014. “Stress and Mental Health: Moderating Role of the Strong Black Woman Stereotype.” Journal of Black Psychology 41 (4): 384-396.

Florini, Sarah. 2014. “Tweets, Tweeps, and Signifyin’ Communication and Cultural Performance on “Black Twitter.” Television & New Media 15(3): 223–237.

Freyre, Gilberto. 1956. The Masters and the Slaves: (Casa Grande & Senzala) A Study in the Development of Brazilian Civilization. New York: Knopf.

Goldstein, Donna M. 1999. “’Interracial’ Sex and Racial Democracy in Brazil: Twin Concepts?” American Anthropologist 101 (3): 563–578.

González, Lélia. 1988. “For an Afro-Latin Feminism.” Confronting the Crisis in Latin America: Women Organizing for Change. Isis International & Development Alternatives With Women For a New Era: 95–101.

Gutiérrez y Muhs, Gabriella, Yolanda Flores Niemann, Carmen G. González, and Angela P. Harris. 2012. Presumed Incompetent: The Intersections of Race and Class for Women in Academia. Logan: Utah State University Press.

Guy-Sheftall, Beverly. 1995. Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought. The New Press.

Hasenbalg, Carlos and Nelson do Valle Silva. 1988. Estrutura Social, Mobilidade e Raça.

Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Universit́ario de Pesquisas do Rio de Janeiro.

Hordge-Freeman, Elizabeth. 2015. The Color of Love: Racial Features, Stigma, and Socialization in Black Brazilian Families. Austin: The University of Texas Press.

Jackson, Sarah J. and Brooke Foucault Welles. 2016. “#Ferguson is everywhere: Initiatiors in Emerging Counterpublic Networks.” Information, Communication & Society 19(3): 397-418.

Johnson, ReAndra, "Communities of Resistance: Welfare Queens and the Infrapolitics of Black Hair Tutorials on Youtube" (2017). Scripps Senior Theses. 918.

http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/918

Lamont, Michèle, Graziella Moraes Silva, Jessica S. Welburn, Joshua Guetzkow, Nissim Mizrachi, Hanna Herzog, and Elisa Reis. 2016. Getting Respect: Responding to Stigma and Discrimination in the United States, Brazil, and Israel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Layton, Matthew and Amy Smith. 2017. “Is it Race, Class, or gender? The Sources of Perceived Discrimination in Brazil.” Latin American Politics and Society 59 (1): 52-73.

Lisboa, Vinícius. “Renda dos Negros Cresce, mas Não Chegar a 60% da dos Brancos.” January 30, 2014. EBC Agência Brasil. http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2014-01/renda-dos-negros-cresce-mais-que-media-mas-nao-chega-60-da-dos-brancos (accessed July 8, 2017).

Mitchell, Gladys. 2009. “Campaign Strategies of Afro-Brazilian Politicians: A Preliminary Analysis.” Latin American Politics and Society 51(3): 111-142.

Monk, Ellis. 2016. The Consequences of Race and Color in Brazil.” Social Problems 16: 413-430.

“Mulher negra ganha menos de 40% da renda de homem branco, diz Ipea.” 2016. Veja.com http://veja.abril.com.br/economia/mulher-negra-ganha-menos-de-40-da-renda-de-homem-branco-diz-ipea/ (accessed September 20, 2017).

Nascimento, Elisa. 2009. The Sorcery of Color: Identity, Race, and Gender in Brazil. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Neal, Mark Anthony. 2014. “Black Twitter.” AAAS Town Hall: Academics Teaching #Ferguson. Duke University’s Department of African & African American Studies. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3J9Jv91i2M (accessed on September 30, 2017)

Neal, Mark Anthony. 2011. “Black Folk on Twitter” TedxDuke. April 19. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbPJNK4vw1s (accessed on September 30, 2017)

Negreiros, Dalila. Personal communication. October 1, 2017.

Osuji, Chinyere. 2013. “Racial ‘Boundary-policing’: Perceptions of Black-White Interracial Couples in Los Angeles and Rio de Janeiro.” DuBois Review: Social Science Research on Race 10 (1): 179–203.

Paixão, Marcelo, Irene Rossetto, Fabiana Montovanele, and Luiz M. Carvano. 2011. Relatório Anual das Desigualdades Raciais no Brazil; 2009–2010. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Garamond Ltda.

Paixão Marcelo and Luiz M. Carvano. 2008. Relatório Anual das Desigualdades Raciais no Brazil; 2007–2008. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Garamond Ltda.

Pardue, Derek. 2004. “Putting Mano to Music: The Mediation of Race in Brazilian Rap.” Ethnomusicology Forum 13: 253–286.

Perry, Keisha-Khan. 2013. Black Women against the Land Grab: The Fight for Racial Justice in Brazil. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Rangel, Marcos. 2015. “Is Parental Love Colorblind? Human Capital Accumulation within Mixed Families” The Review of Black Political Economy (42): 57–86.

Sheftall, Beverly Guy. 1995. Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought. New York: The New Press.

Sheriff, Robin E. 2001. Dreaming Equality: Color, Race, and Racism in Urban Brazil. Rutgers: Rutgers University Press.

Silva, Graziella and Silva Reis. 2011. “Perceptions of Racial Discrimination among Black Professionals in Rio de Janeiro.” Latin American Research Review 46 (2): 55–78.

Smith, Christen. 2016. Afro-Paradise: Blackness, Violence, and Performance in Brazil. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.

Telles, Edward and Nelson Lim. 1998. “Does it Matter Who Answers the Race Question? Racial Classification and Income Inequality in Brazil.” Demography 35 (4): 465-474.

Weisse, Carol S.; Paul C. Sorum, Kafi N. Sanders, and Beth L. Syat. 2001. “Do Gender and Race Affect Decisions About Pain Management?” Journal of General Internal Medicine 16 (4): 211-217.

Williams, Sheri. 2015. “Digital Defense: Black Feminists Resist Violence with Hashtag Activism.” Feminist Media Studies 15 (2): 341-344.

Publicado
2018-12-31
Seção
Estudos pós-coloniais e interseccionais. Abordagens e desafios multidimensionais para mulheres negras nas Américas