When participation is not enough: explaining factors for (not) changing Indigenous land claims recognition policy in Brazil and Canada
Resumo
the paper compares Indigenous participation in Indigenous land claims recognition policy review processes in Brazil and Canada. Firstly, we deal with the 2016’s 1st National Public Policy Conference on Indigenous Policy. Secondly, we analysed the Canadian Task Force to review the Land Claims Policy of the country in 1985. Whereas the first participatory institution did not have any significative impact regarding Indigenous proposals to change the referred policy, the Canadian one had a modest success. Our main goal was to understand the reasons behind the variation on the observed capacity of policy change through participatory channels. We listed as potential explaining factors, beyond the institutional ones, the federalist arrangement in each country, the executive agenda and the collective agency of Indigenous peoples. We interviewed 16 public officials and carried out documental research in both countries. We concluded that, among other factors, the Ruralist Caucus is the political actor with veto powers capable of blocking Indigenous claims in the Brazilian case; in Canada, on the other hand, Indigenous issues have bipartisan consensus, which makes proposals for policy change less contentious and more feasible.Referências
ALCANTARA, Christopher.(2013), Negotiating the deal: comprehensive land claims agreements in Canada. University of Toronto Press.
ALCANTARA, Christopher; NELLES, Jen. (2016), A quiet evolution: the emergence of Indigenous-local intergovernmental partnership in Canada. University of Toronto Press.
ALONSO, Angela; MISCHE, Ann. (2016). Changing repertoires and partisan ambivalence in the new Brazilian protests, Bulletin of Latin American research.
BELLIER, Irène. (2013), Peuples autochtones dans le monde: les enjeux de la reconnaissance. L’Harmattan.
BERG-NORDLIE, Mikkel; SAGLIE, Jo ; SULLIVAN, Ann (Eds.). (2015) Indigenous politics : institutions, representation, mobilization. ECPR Press.
BLASER, Mario; COSTA, Ravi de; McGREGOR, Deborah; COLEMAN, William D. (2010), Indigenous peoples and autonomy: insights for global age. UBC Press.
BRASIL. (2010) Censo demográfico de 2010. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.
BRUYNEEL, Kevin. (2014). Social Science and the Study of Indigenous Peoples' Politics: Contributions, Omissions, and Tensions In: LUCERO, José Antonio; TURNER, Dale; VANCOTT, Donna Lee (Orgs.). Oxford Handbook of Indigenous Peoples Politics. Oxford University Press (available in:http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195386653.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195386653-e-008).
CANADA. (2009), A demographic and socio-economic portrait of Aboriginal populations in Canada. Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada.
CANADA. (2011), Les peoples autochtones au Canada : Premières Nations, Métis et Inuits. Statistique Canada.Enquête nationale auprès des ménages.
CANADA.(2013), Aboriginal demographics and well-being. Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada.
CÉLÉRIER, Philippe Pataud. (2014), A revolta dos povos autóctones do Canadá. Le Monde Diplomatique. Ano 7, nº 83, pp. 26-27.
CHASE, Jacquelyn (Ed.).(2002), The spaces of neoliberalism: land, place and family in Latin America. Kumarian Press.
COATES, Ken. (2015), #IdleNoMore: and the remaking of Canada. University of Regina Press.
CONSELHO INDIGENISTA MISSIONÁRIO (CIMI). (2012), Relatório Violência Contra os Povos Indígenas no Brasil.
CORNELL, Stephen. (2006), Indigenous peoples, poverty and self-determination in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and United States. Native Nations Institute for Leadership.
DONAKOWSKI, Darrell W; ESSES, Victoria M. (1996), Native Canadians, First Nations, or Aboriginals: the effect of labels on attitudes toward Native Peoples, Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 28:2, 96-91.
ERUETI, Andrew. (2006), The demarcation of Indigenous peoples’ traditional lands. In: Arizona journal of international and comparative law. Vol. 23, º 3.
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION. (1989), Convenção nº 169 sobre os Povos Indígenas e Tribais em Países Independentes.
KNAFLA, Louis A; WESTRA, Haijo. (2010), Aboriginal title and indigenous peoples: Canada, Australia and New Zealand. UBC Press.
KOHN, Margaret. (2000), Language, power, and persuasion: toward a critique of deliberative democracy, Constellations. Vol.7, nº 3.
LIMA, Antonio Carlos de Souza. (2015), Sobre Tutela e participação: povos indígenas e formas de governo no Brasil, séculos XX/XXI, Mana, vol.21, nº2, Rio de Janeiro.
LONDERO, Márcia. (2015), Democracia e participação política indígena no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul: a atuação do Conselho estadual dos Povos Indígenas (2003-2014). Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.
MANEIRO, Maria. (2006), Movimentos Sociais e Estado: uma perspectiva relacional. Projetos de modernidade na América Latina. In: DOMINGUES, José Maurício; MANEIRO, Maria (Orgs.). América Latina hoje: conceitos e interpretações; tradução Silvia de Souza Costa. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
MURRAY LI, Tania. (2010), Indigeneity, capitalism and the management of dispossession. In: Current Anthropology. Vol.1.n.3.
OCAMPO, José António. (2017), Commodity-led development in Latin America. In: CARBONNIER, Gilles; CAMPODÓNICO, Humberto;VÁZQUEZ, Sergio Tezanos (Eds.) Alternative pathways to sustainable development: lessons from Latin America. The Graduate Institute of Geneva. International Development Policy Series, vol.9.
ORTEGA, Roque Roldán. (2004), Models for recognizing Indigenous land rights in Latin America. Biodiversity Series. Paper nº 99. The World Bank Environment Department.
OXHORN, Philip. (2012), Transnationalism and the multiplication of rights claims: the challenge of defining the ‘other’, Critica contemporânea. Revista de teoria política. Nº 2.
PAPILLON, Martin. (2008), Aboriginal quality of life under a modern treaty: lessons from the experience of the Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee and the Inuit of Nunavik. IRRP Choices, Vol.14, nº 9 (available at: http://irpp.org/research-studies/choices-vol14-no9/ ).
PETINELLI, Viviane.(2015), Aferindo a capacidade de influência das conferências de políticas públicas sobre os programas das respectivas políticas setoriais.Opinião Pública, Campinas, vol.21, nº3, Dezembro, pp 643-672.
_____ (2011), As conferências públicas nacionais e a formação da agenda de políticas públicas do governo federal (2003-2010). In: Opinião Pública, Campinas, vol.17, nº1, Junho, pp 228-250.
POGREBINSCHI, Thamy. (2013), The squared circle of participatory democracy: scaling up deliberation to the national level. In: Critical Policy Studies, 7:3, 219-241.
POGREBINSCHI, Thamy; VENTURA, Tiago. (2017), Mais participação, maior responsividade? As conferências nacionais de políticas públicas e a qualidade da democracia no Brasil. In: DADOS – Revista de Ciências Sociais, Rio de Janeiro, vol.60, nº1, pp. 7-43.
POGREBINSCHI, Thamy; SAMUELS, David. (2014), The impact of participatory democracy: evidence from Brazil’s national public policy conferences, Comparative Politics, April.
RAMOS, Alcida Rita. (2012a), Indigenismo, um orientalismo americano, Anuário Antropológico, pp.27-48.
_____(Org.). (2012b) Constituições nacionais e povos indígenas. Belo Horizonte: Editora UFMG.
RODRÍGUEZ-GARAVITO, César. (2010), Ethnicity.gov: global governance, indigenous peoples, and the right to prior consultation in social minefields, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies. V.18. nº 1.
SALÉE, Daniel. (2006), Quality of life of Aboriginal people in Canada: an analysis of current research; with the assistance of David Newhouse and Carol Lévesque, IRPP Choices, nº 12, vol.06.
SCHOLTZ, Christa. (2006), Negotiating Claims: The Emergence of Indigenous Land Claim Negotiation Policies in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. Routledge.
STREECK, Wolfgang; THELEN, Kathleen. (2005), Introduction: institutional change in advanced political economies. In: STREECK, Wolfgang; THELEN, Kathleen (Eds.) Beyond continuity: institutional change in advanced economies. Oxford University Press.
TREJO, Guillermo. (2006), Etnia e mobilização social: uma revisão teórica com aplicações à “quarta onda” de mobilizações indígenas na América Latina. In: DOMINGUES, José Maurício; MANEIRO, Maria (Orgs.). América Latina hoje: conceitos e interpretações; tradução Silvia de Souza Costa. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
UNITED NATIONS. (2006), Indigenous peoples, indigenous voices. Factsheet. United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.
YASHAR. Deborah J. (2005), Contesting citizenship in Latin America: the rise of indigenous movements and the postliberal challenge. Cambridge University Press.
Autores que submetem seus manuscritos para serem publicados nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Os autores têm preservados os direitos autorais sobre seus textos, mas concedem à revista autorização para primeira publicação, nas versões on line e impressa, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution - CC-BY.
- Em virtude dos artigos aparecerem nesta revista de acesso público, são de uso gratuito.
Revista Interfaces Brasil/Canadá é licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons CC-BY.
