UM RELATO HISTÓRICO DA AUSTERIDADE NO REINO UNIDO: RASTREANDO AS ORIGENS, AS MODALIDADES E OS DIFERENTES EFEITOS DA AUSTERIDADE NA VIDA DAS MULHERES

  • Vicki Dabrowski PNPD - CAPES/ PPGS - UFPEL

Resumo

Este artigo tem como foco o quadro da política de austeridade do Reino Unido, questionando e traçando suas origens, modalidades e efeitos globais no  contexto do Reino Unido. Fazemos isso desvelando as várias formas pelas quais o estado, em diferentes momentos e em diferentes formações estatais, implementou formas específicas de austeridade. Através desta análise, este artigo chama a atenção para as características morais, políticas e econômicas da austeridade nessas formas particulares. Com um foco particular sobre a gênese da austeridade em diferentes momentos de crise, este artigo destaca o papeldas mulheres nesses períodos e explora as várias maneiras pelas quais elas têm suportado o peso do projeto de austeridade. É através desta análise que este artigo demonstra a importância de conectar a austeridade contemporânea com seus legados históricos. Meu argumento é que isso permite uma compreensão mais rica da austeridade como um projeto econômico-político-moral, e maisespecificamente, desvela as reivindicações de gênero, seus processos e efeitos nesses diferentes períodos e formações estatais.

Referências

ALLEN, Kim., MENDICK, Heather., HARVEY, Laura; AHMAD, Aisha. Welfare Queens, Thrifty Housewives, and Do-It-All Mums. In: Feminist Media Studies, v. 15, n. 6, 2015.

ARTHUR, Charles; INMAN, Phillip. The error that could subvert George Osborne's austerity programme [Online]. The Guardian, 18th April, 2013. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/apr/18/uncovered-error-george-osborne-austerity. Acesso em: 23/01/14.

ATKINSON, Will. Economic Crisis and Classes Everyday Life: Hysteresis, Positional Suffering and Symbolic Violence. In ATKINSON, Will; ROBERTS, Steven; SAVAGE, Mike. (eds.) Class Inequality in Austerity Britain: Power, Difference and Suffering. Farnham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

BERNSTEIN, Elizabeth; JAKOBSEN, Janet. Introduction [Online]. The Scholar and Feminist Online, 11.1 – 11.2, 2013. Disponível em: http://sfonline.barnard.edu/gender-justice-and-neoliberal-transformations/introduction. Acesso em: 13/02/2015.

BIRESSI, Anita; NUNN, Heather. Class and Contemporary British Culture. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

BLYTH, Mark. Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

BOURDIEU, Pierre. Structures, Habitus, Power: Basis for a Theory for Symbolic Power, In: DIRKS, Nickolas., ELEY, Geoff.; ORTNER, Sherry. Culture/Power/History: A Reader in Contemporary Social Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.

______. The Weight of the World. Cambridge: Polity, 1999.

BRAMALL, Rebecca. The Cultural Politics of Austerity: Past and Present in Austere Times. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2013.

BRENNER, Neil; PECK, Jamie; THEODORE, Nik. After Neoliberalization? Globalizations, v. 7, n. 3, 2010.

BROWN, Wendy. Neo-liberalism and the end of liberal democracy, Theory & Event, v. 7, n. 1, 2005.

CHAKELIAN, Anoosh. What welfare changes did Philip Hammond make in his Budget 2017? [Online]. The New Statesman, 8th March, 2017. Disponível em: http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/welfare/2017/03/what-welfare-changes-did-philip-hammond-make-his-budget-2017. Acesso em: 1/09/17.

CLARKE, John; NEWMAN, Janet. The alchemy of austerity, Critical Social Policy, v. 32, n. 3, 2012.

CRACKNEL, Richard; KEEN, Richard. Briefing Paper Number SN06758 Estimating the gender impact of tax and benefits changes. London: House of Commons Library, 2017.

DARDOT, Pierre; LAVAL, Christian. The New Way of the World: On Neoliberal Society. London: Verso, 2013.

DAVIES, Will. The Limits of Neoliberalism: Authority, Sovereignty and the Logic of Competition. London: Sage, 2014.

DE BENEDICTIS, Sara; GILL, Rosalind. Austerity Neoliberalism: a new discursive formation [Online]. Open Democracy UK, 16th July, 2016. Disponível em: https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/austerity-media/sara-de-benedictis-rosalind-gill/austerity-neoliberalism-new-discursive-formation. Acesso em: 24/08/17.

ELLIOT, Larry. Reinhart and Rogoff’s latest paper warns on financial repression [Online]. The Guardian, 20th November, 2013. Disponível em: http://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2013/nov/20/reinhart-rogoff-latest-paper-harvard-financial- repression. Acesso em: 3/06/17.

ELLIOT, Larry; INMAN, Phillip; SMITH, Helena. IMF admits: we failed to realise the damage austerity would do to Greece [Online]. Guardian, 5th June, 2013. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jun/05/imf-underestimated-damage-austerity-would-do-to-greece. Acesso em: 4/10/15.

EVANS, Mary. Feminism and the implications of austerity, Feminist Review, v. 109, n. 1, 2015.

______. Women and the politics of austerity: New forms of respectability, British Politics, v. 11, n. 4, 2016.

______. The Persistence of Gender Inequality. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017.

EVANS, Peter; SEWELL, William. Neoliberalism, in HALL, Peter. AND LAMONT, Michelle. Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era. Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2013, pp. 35-68.

FLEW, Terry. Foucault, Weber and Neoliberal Governmentality [Online]. Theory, Culture and Society Online, 20th April, 2015. Disponível em: http://theoryculturesociety.org/terry-flew-on-foucault-weber-and-neoliberal-governmentality. Acesso em: 4/09/15.

FORKERT, Kristen. The new moralism: austerity, silencing and debt morality, Soundings, London, v. 56, n. 13, 2014.

FOUCAULT, Michel. The Birth of Biopolitics: lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-1979. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

GANE, Nicholas. Sociology and Neoliberalism: A Missing History, Sociology, v. 48, n. 6, 2014.

GAMBLE, Andrew. Neo-Liberalism, Capital and Class, v. 25, n. 1, 2001, pp. 127-134.

GARDINER, Jill. Women, Recession and the Tories. In: HALL, Stuart; JACQUES Martin, The Politics of Thatcherism, 1983.

GILBERT, Jeremy. What Type of Thing is ‘Neoliberalism? New Formations, v. 80, n. 1, 2014.

GILL, Rosalind; SCHARFF, Christina. New femininities: postfeminism, neoliberalism and subjectivity. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011.

GOODMAN, Peter. Europe May Finally End Its Painful Embrace of Austerity [Online]. New York Times, 7th October, 2016. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/08/business/international/europe-economy-budget-austerity.html?mcubz=3. Acesso em: 17/10/16.

GOWAN, Teresa. Thinking Neoliberalism Gender and Justice [Online]. The Scholar and Feminist Online, 2012, 11.1 – 11.2. Disponível em: http://sfonline.barnard.edu/gender-justice-and-neoliberal-transformations/thinking-neoliberalism-gender-justice/. Acesso em: 17/09/14.

GRAEBER, David. There's no need for all this economic sadomasochism [Online]. The Guardian, 21st April, 2013. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/apr/21/no-need-for-economic-sadomasochism. Acesso em: 7/09/14.

HALL, Stuart et al. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order. London: Palgrave Macmillan, [1978] 2013.

HALL, Stuart; MASSEY, Doreen; RUSTIN, Michael. After neoliberalism: Analysing the present, Soundings, v. 53, 2013.

HANCOCK, Anne-Marie. The Politics of Disgust: The Public Identity and the Welfare Queen. New York: New York University Press, 2004.

HARVEY, David. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

HARVIE, David; MILBURN, Keir. The moral economy of the English crowd in the twenty-first century, South Atlantic Quarterly, v. 112, n. 3, 2013.

JARRETT, Kylie. The Alternative to Post-Hegemony: Reproduction and Austerity's Social Factory, Culture Unbound: Journal of Current Cultural Research, v. 6, n. 8, 2014.

JENSEN, Tracey. Tough love in tough times, Studies in The Maternal, v. 4, n. 2, 2012.

______. Riots, Restraint and the New Cultural Politics of Wanting’, Sociological Research Online, v. 18, n. 4:7, 2013.

______. We must understand the cultural, as well as the economic, dimensions of austerity [Online]. British Politics and Policy Blog, 18th February, 2013b. Disponível em: http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/parent-blame-in- austere-times/. Acesso em: 1/05/17.

______. Welfare commonsense, poverty porn and doxosophy, Sociological Research Online, v. 19, n. 3, 2014.

JENSEN, Tracey; TYLER, Imogen. Benefits broods: The cultural and political crafting of welfare common sense, Critical Social Policy, v. 35, n. 4, 2015, pp. 470- 491.

KARAMESSINI, Maria; RUBERY, Jill. Women and Austerity: The Economic Crisis and the Future for Gender Equality. London: Routledge, 2013.

KOTZ, David. The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.

KRUGMAN, Paul. End This Depression Now! New York: W. W. Norton; Company, 2012.

______. The Austerity Delusion [Online]. The Guardian, 29th April, 2015. Disponível em: http://www.theguardian.com/business/ng-interactive/2015/apr/29/the-austerity-delusion. Acesso em: 1/05/16.

MENDOZA, Kerry-anne. Austerity: The Demolition of the Welfare State and the Rise of the Zombie Economy. Oxford: New International Publications Ltd, 2015.

MIROWSKI, Philip. Never let a Serious Crisis go to Waste: How Neo-liberalism Survived the Financial Meltdown. London: Verso, 2013.

MIROWSKI, Philip; PLEHWE, Deiter. The Road From Mount Pelerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009.

MONTGOMERIE, Johnna. AND TEPE-BELFRAGE, Daniela. A Feminist moral-political economy of uneven reform in austerity Britain: Fostering financial and parental literacy, Globalizations, v. 13, n. 6, 2016, pp. 890-905.

MORRIS, Lydia. The moral economy of austerity: analysing UK welfare reform, The British Journal of Sociology, v. 67, n. 1, 2016, pp. 97-117.

NEWOMEN’S NETWORK AND WOMEN’S RESOURCE CENTRE (NEWN and WRC) The impact of austerity measures upon women in the north east of England. Newcastle upon Tyne and London: NEWomen’s Network and Women’s Resource Centre, 2012.

ONG, Aihwa. Neoliberalism as Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty. Durham: Duke UP, 2006.

OSBORNE, George. Conference 2009: George Osborne [Online]. The Conservative Party, 6th October, 2009. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/oct/06/george-osborne- spending-cuts. Acesso em: 4/02/16.

______. Conference 2012: George Osborne [Online]. The Conservative Party, 8th October, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.cpc12.org.uk/Speeches/George_Osborne.aspx. Acesso em: 4/02/14.

______. Osborne’s Speech [Online]. Conservative Home, 5th October, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.conservativehome.com/parliament/2015/10/george- osbornes-speech-in-full.html. Acesso em: 6/10/16.

PARKER, George; JACKSON, Gavin. Philip Hammond insists he will stick with Austerity [Online], The Financial Times, 20th June, 2017. Disponível em: https://www.ft.com/content/3756dc5a-558e-11e7-9fed-c19e2700005f. Acesso em: 3/08/17.

PIKETTY, Thomas. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013.

RAYNOR, Ruth. Holding Things Together (And What Falls Apart...) Encountering and Dramatising Austerity with Women in the North East of England, Unpublished PhD thesis. Durham University, 2016.

ROSE, Nikolas. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

RUBERY, Jill; RAFFERTY, Antony. Gender, Recession and Austerity in the UK. In Karamessini, Maria. and Rubery, Jill. Women and Austerity: The Economic Crisis and the Future for Gender Equality. London: Routledge, 2013.

SKEGGS, Bev. Class, Self, Culture. London: Routledge, 2004.

STANLEY, Liam. The Meaning of Austerity [Online], New Left Project, 2013. Disponível em: http://www.newleftproject.org/index.php/site/article_comments/the_me aning_of_austerity. Acesso em: 7/09/17.

STIGLITZ, Joseph. The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future. London: W. W. NORTON; COMPANY, 2012.

TAYLOR-GOOBY, Peter. The Double Crisis of the Welfare State and What We Can Do About It. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013.

THE FAWCETT SOCIETY. The Impact of Austerity on Women. London: Fawcett, 2012.

______. Budget 2013- helping or hurting women? London: Fawcett Society, 2013.

TODD, Selina. The People: The Rise and Fall of the Working Class, 1910-2010. London: John Murray, 2014.

TRADES UNION CONGRESS. The impact on women of recession and austerity. London: TUC Congress, 2015.

TURVEY, Rodger. The Depression years in Wales and England 1930 -1939 [Online]. WJEC, 2018. Disponível em: http://resource.download.wjec.co.uk.s3.amazonaws.com/vtc/2013-14/History/Depression/Part_1%20Dep.pdf. Acesso em: 6/5/14.

TYLER Imogen. ‘Chav mum chav scum’: class disgust in contemporary Britain, Feminist Media Studies, v. 8, n. 1, 2008.

______. Revolting Subjects: Social Abjection and Resistance in Neo-liberal Britain. London: Zed Books, 2013.

WACQUANT, Loïc. Crafting the Neoliberal State: Workfare, Prisonfare, and Social Insecurity, Sociological Forum, v. 25, n. 2, 2010.

¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬______. Three steps to a historical anthropology of actually existing neoliberalism, Social Anthropology, v. 20, n. 1, 2012.

WARE, Susan. Beyond suffrage: Women in the New Deal. Cambridge: Mass, 1981.

WALBY, Sylvia. Globalization and Inequalities: Complexity and Contested Modernities. London: Sage, 2009.

WILKINSON, Michael. Philip Hammond warns Britain's economy heading for post- Brexit 'rollercoaster' ride as he drops pledge for budget surplus by 2020 [Online]. The Telegraph, 13th October, 2016. Disponível em: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/03/philip-hammond-budget- surplus-conservative-conference-live/. Acesso em: 18/10/16.

WOMEN’S BUDGET GROUP. The Impact on Women of the Budget 2012 [Online]. London: WBG, 2012. Disponível em: https://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/The-Impact-on-Women-of-the-Budget-2012-FINAL.pdf. Acesso em: 22/04/2014.

______. To ensure economic recovery for women, we need Plan F [Online]. London: WBG, 2013. Disponível em: https://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Plan-F_WBG-Parties-briefing_Sept-2013_final.pdf. Acesso em: 30/10/2014.

WOMEN’S BUDGET GROUP AND RUNNYMEDE TRUST. Outcry over NICs hides the biggest losers of government tax and benefit policy [Online]. London: WBG, 2017. Disponível em: https://wbg.org.uk/news/outcry-over-nics-hides-the-biggest-losers-of-government-tax-and-benefit-policy/. Acesso em: 30/10/2014.

ZWEINIGER-BARGIELOWSKA, Ina. Austerity in Britain Rationing, Controls, and Consumption, 1939 –1955. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Publicado
2018-02-20
Seção
Dossiê Estado social: entre as políticas de austeridade e os dispositivos de responsabilização individual