A SOCIOLINGUÍSTICA E OS PROBLEMAS LINGUÍSTICOS DOS PAÍSES EM DESENVOLVIMENTO
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O artigo "A Sociolinguística e os Problemas Linguísticos dos Países em Desenvolvimento" é uma tradução autorizada do texto original de Joshua A. Fishman. O texto aborda questões centrais da sociolinguística, com ênfase nas dinâmicas linguísticas em países em desenvolvimento. A tradução foi realizada para tornar acessíveis aos leitores de língua portuguesa as reflexões de Fishman sobre o papel das línguas em contextos sociais e políticos.Fishman explora a relação entre nacionalismo, nacionismo e as escolhas linguísticas nas novas nações. Ele discute como essas ideologias influenciam a seleção, elaboração e codificação das línguas, que são frequentemente motivadas por fatores como a facilidade de comunicação e a eficiência operacional. O autor também enfatiza a importância da aceitação pública dessas línguas, destacando o papel de censos linguísticos, instituições educacionais e publicações na promoção de uma língua selecionada.A tradução do texto original também destaca a contínua evolução das línguas, especialmente aquelas de importância internacional, que passam por processos de recodificação para atender às demandas tecnológicas e culturais. Fishman observa que, em muitas nações emergentes, a introdução de uma língua indígena para novas funções é acompanhada pela criação de normas padronizadas e materiais educacionais, frequentemente enfrentando desafios relacionados à escolha da variedade linguística mais apropriada.Além disso, o artigo examina as dificuldades encontradas na tentativa de estabelecer e consolidar línguas padrão, considerando os conflitos entre diferentes grupos e as influências históricas e sociais que moldam essas decisões. Fishman também menciona a escassez de estudos de caso abrangentes que analisem o impacto dessas escolhas linguísticas nos contextos sociais e políticos das nações em desenvolvimento.Por fim, a tradução traz à tona a relevância das questões sociolinguísticas na compreensão dos problemas enfrentados por países em desenvolvimento. A análise de Fishman sobre como as línguas são instrumentalizadas para alcançar objetivos políticos e sociais ressalta a complexidade do tema e a necessidade de um estudo aprofundado para compreender as dinâmicas linguísticas e suas implicações.
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Alves, L., & Gorski Severo, C. (2025). A SOCIOLINGUÍSTICA E OS PROBLEMAS LINGUÍSTICOS DOS PAÍSES EM DESENVOLVIMENTO. Caderno De Letras, (49), 355-369. https://doi.org/10.15210/cdl.vi49.27403
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Almond, G. A.; Verba, S. The Civic Culture. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963.
Armstrong, R. G. Language Policy in West Africa. In: Fishman, J. A.; Ferguson, C. A.; Das Gupta, J. (orgs.). Language Problems of Developing Nations. New York: Wiley & Sons, 1968.
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Bell, W.; BEll, O. I. Decisions of Nationhood. Denver, Colorado: Social Science Foundation, University of Denver, 1964.
Bernstein, B. Some Sociological Determinants of Perception. British Journal of Sociology, Londres, v. 9, p. 159-174, 1958.
Bernstein, B. Elaborated and Restricted Codes: an outline. Sociological Inquiry, v. 36, n. 2, p. 254-261, 1966.
Berry, J. The Making of Alphabets. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958.
Bidwell, C. E. Language, Dialect and Nationality in Yugoslavia. Human Relations, Londres, v. 15, p. 217-225, 1962.
Blanc, H. Communal Dialects in Baghdad. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964.
Clough, S. B. A History of the Flemish Movement in Belgium. Nova Iorque: Smith, 1930.
Das Gupta, J.; Gumperz, J. J. Language, Communication and Control in North India. In: Fishman, J. A.; Ferguson, C. A.; Das Gupta, J. (orgs.). Language Problems of Developing Nations. Nova Iorque: Wiley & Sons, 1968.
Deutsch, K. Nationalism and Social Communication. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1953.
Ervin-Tripp, S. M. An Analysis of the Interaction Between Language, Topic and Speaker. American Anthropologist, v. 66, n. 6, p. 86-102, 1964.
Fallers, L. A. Ideology and Culture in Uganda Nationalism. American Anthropologist, v. 63, p. 677-686, 1961.
Ferguson, C. A. Diglossia. Word, v. 15, p. 325-340, 1959.
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Fishman, J. A. Varieties of Ethnicity and Language Consciousness. Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics (Georgetown University), v. 18, p. 69-79, 1965.
Fishman, J. A. Language Loyalty in the United States. The Hague: Mouton, 1966.
Fishman, J. A. Some Contrasts Between Linguistically Homogeneous and Linguistically Heterogeneous Polities. Sociological Inquiry, v. 36, p. 146-158, 1966.
Fishman, J. A. Bilingualism With and Without Diglossia; Diglossia With and Without Bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues, v. 23, n. 2, p. 29-38, 1967.
Fishman, J. A. Nationality-Nationalism and Nation-Nationism. In: Fishman, J. A.; Ferguson, C. A.; Das Gupta, J. (orgs.). Language Problems of Developing Nations. Nova Iorque: Wiley & Sons, 1968. p. 39-52.
Friedrich, P. Language and Politics in India. Daedalus, v. 91, n. 3, p. 543-559, 1962.
Friedman, A.; Hannerz, U. Language Development and Socialization: the social context. Progress Report. Urban Language Study. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1966. (Mimeo.)
Gallagher, C. F. North African Problems and Prospects. Part III: Language and Identity. American Universities Field Staff, North Africa series, v. 10, n. 5, p. 83-104, 1964.
Garfinkel, H. Studies of the Routine Grounds of Everyday Activities. Social Problems, v. 11, p. 225-250, 1964.
Garvin, P. The Standard Language Problem: concepts and methods. Anthropological Linguistics, v. 1, n. 2, p. 28-31, 1959.
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Gordon, E. W. (org.). Summary of the Proceedings of the First Working Conference on Language Development in Disadvantaged Children, October 20-22, 1965. Nova Iorque: Yeshiva University, 1966. p. 1-17.
Greenberg, J. H. Urbanism, Migration and Language. In: Kuper, H. (org.). Urbanization and Migration in West Africa. Berkeley e Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965.
Grimshaw, A. D. Directions for Research in Sociolinguistics: suggestions of a non-linguist sociologist. Sociological Inquiry, v. 36, p. 319-332, 1966.
Gumperz, J. J. Linguistic and Social Interaction in Two Communities. American Anthropologist, v. 66, n. 6, part 2, p. 137-153, 1964.
Gumperz, J. J. Linguistic Repertoires, Grammars and Second Language Instruction. Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics (Georgetown University), v. 18, p. 81-90, 1965.
Gumperz, J. J. On the Ethnology of Linguistic Change. In: Bright, W. (org.). Sociolinguistics. The Hague: Mouton, 1966.
Gumperz, J. J. On the Linguistic Correlates of Bilingual Communication. Journal of Social Issues, v. 23, n. 2, p. 48-57, 1967.
Guxman, M. Voprosy formirovanija i razvitija nacional'nyh jazykov. Tradução em inglês sendo preparada pelo The Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C., 1968a.
Guxman, M. Some General Regularities in the Formation and Development of National Languages. In: Guxman, M. Voprosy formirovanija i razvitija nacional'nyh jazykov. The Hague: Mouton, 1968b. p. 295-307. Reimpresso em: Fishman, J. A. (org.). Readings in the Sociology of Language. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.
Harrison, S. S. India: the most dangerous decades. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960.
Haugen, E. Language Planning in Modern Norway. Scandinavian Studies, v. 33, p. 68-81, 1961. (Originalmente, com exemplos textuais adicionados, em Anthropological Linguistics, v. 1, n. 3, p. 8-21, 1959.)
Haugen, E. Language Conflict and Language Planning: the case of modern Norwegian. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966.
Haugen, E. Linguistics and Language Planning. In: Bright, W. (org.). Sociolinguistics. The Hague: Mouton, 1966. p. 50-71.
Heyd, U. Language Reform in Modern Turkey. Jerusalém: The Israel Oriental Society, 1954.
Hunt, C. L. Language Choice in a Multilingual Society. Sociological Inquiry, v. 36, p. 240-253, 1966.
Hymes, D. H. The Ethnography of Speaking. In: Gladwin, T.; Sturtevant, W. C. (orgs.). Anthropology and Human Behavior. Washington, D.C.: Anthropological Society of Washington, 1962. p. 13-53.
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Armstrong, R. G. Language Policy in West Africa. In: Fishman, J. A.; Ferguson, C. A.; Das Gupta, J. (orgs.). Language Problems of Developing Nations. New York: Wiley & Sons, 1968.
Auty, R. The Evolution of Literary Slovak. Transactions, Londres: The Philological Society, 1953. p. 143-160.
Bell, W.; BEll, O. I. Decisions of Nationhood. Denver, Colorado: Social Science Foundation, University of Denver, 1964.
Bernstein, B. Some Sociological Determinants of Perception. British Journal of Sociology, Londres, v. 9, p. 159-174, 1958.
Bernstein, B. Elaborated and Restricted Codes: an outline. Sociological Inquiry, v. 36, n. 2, p. 254-261, 1966.
Berry, J. The Making of Alphabets. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958.
Bidwell, C. E. Language, Dialect and Nationality in Yugoslavia. Human Relations, Londres, v. 15, p. 217-225, 1962.
Blanc, H. Communal Dialects in Baghdad. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964.
Clough, S. B. A History of the Flemish Movement in Belgium. Nova Iorque: Smith, 1930.
Das Gupta, J.; Gumperz, J. J. Language, Communication and Control in North India. In: Fishman, J. A.; Ferguson, C. A.; Das Gupta, J. (orgs.). Language Problems of Developing Nations. Nova Iorque: Wiley & Sons, 1968.
Deutsch, K. Nationalism and Social Communication. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1953.
Ervin-Tripp, S. M. An Analysis of the Interaction Between Language, Topic and Speaker. American Anthropologist, v. 66, n. 6, p. 86-102, 1964.
Fallers, L. A. Ideology and Culture in Uganda Nationalism. American Anthropologist, v. 63, p. 677-686, 1961.
Ferguson, C. A. Diglossia. Word, v. 15, p. 325-340, 1959.
Ferguson, C. A. The Language Factor in National Development. Anthropological Linguistics, v. 4, n. 1, p. 23-27, 1962.
Ferguson, C. A. National Sociolinguistic Profile Formulas. In: Bright, W. (org.). Sociolinguistics. The Hague: Mouton, 1966. p. 309-324.
Ferguson, C. A. St. Stefan of Perm and Applied Linguistics. In: Fishman, J. A.; Ferguson, C. A.; Das Gupta, J. (orgs.). Language Problems of Developing Nations. Nova Iorque: Wiley & Sons, 1968.
Ferguson, C. A.; Gumperz, J. J. (eds.). Linguistic Diversity in South Asia. International Journal of American Linguistics, v. 26, n. 3, 1960. p. 118 (Indiana University, publication 13).
Fischer, J. L. Social Influences on the Choice of a Linguistic Variant. Word, v. 14, p. 47-56, 1958.
Fishman, J. A. Language Maintenance and Language Shift as Fields of Inquiry. Linguistics, v. 9, p. 32-70, 1964.
Fishman, J. A. Who Speaks What Language to Whom and When? Linguistique, v. 2, p. 67-88, 1965.
Fishman, J. A. Varieties of Ethnicity and Language Consciousness. Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics (Georgetown University), v. 18, p. 69-79, 1965.
Fishman, J. A. Language Loyalty in the United States. The Hague: Mouton, 1966.
Fishman, J. A. Some Contrasts Between Linguistically Homogeneous and Linguistically Heterogeneous Polities. Sociological Inquiry, v. 36, p. 146-158, 1966.
Fishman, J. A. Bilingualism With and Without Diglossia; Diglossia With and Without Bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues, v. 23, n. 2, p. 29-38, 1967.
Fishman, J. A. Nationality-Nationalism and Nation-Nationism. In: Fishman, J. A.; Ferguson, C. A.; Das Gupta, J. (orgs.). Language Problems of Developing Nations. Nova Iorque: Wiley & Sons, 1968. p. 39-52.
Friedrich, P. Language and Politics in India. Daedalus, v. 91, n. 3, p. 543-559, 1962.
Friedman, A.; Hannerz, U. Language Development and Socialization: the social context. Progress Report. Urban Language Study. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1966. (Mimeo.)
Gallagher, C. F. North African Problems and Prospects. Part III: Language and Identity. American Universities Field Staff, North Africa series, v. 10, n. 5, p. 83-104, 1964.
Garfinkel, H. Studies of the Routine Grounds of Everyday Activities. Social Problems, v. 11, p. 225-250, 1964.
Garvin, P. The Standard Language Problem: concepts and methods. Anthropological Linguistics, v. 1, n. 2, p. 28-31, 1959.
Geertz, C. The Integrative Revolution. In: Geertz, C. (org.). Old Societies and New States. Nova Iorque: Free Press, 1963.
Gordon, E. W. (org.). Summary of the Proceedings of the First Working Conference on Language Development in Disadvantaged Children, October 20-22, 1965. Nova Iorque: Yeshiva University, 1966. p. 1-17.
Greenberg, J. H. Urbanism, Migration and Language. In: Kuper, H. (org.). Urbanization and Migration in West Africa. Berkeley e Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965.
Grimshaw, A. D. Directions for Research in Sociolinguistics: suggestions of a non-linguist sociologist. Sociological Inquiry, v. 36, p. 319-332, 1966.
Gumperz, J. J. Linguistic and Social Interaction in Two Communities. American Anthropologist, v. 66, n. 6, part 2, p. 137-153, 1964.
Gumperz, J. J. Linguistic Repertoires, Grammars and Second Language Instruction. Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics (Georgetown University), v. 18, p. 81-90, 1965.
Gumperz, J. J. On the Ethnology of Linguistic Change. In: Bright, W. (org.). Sociolinguistics. The Hague: Mouton, 1966.
Gumperz, J. J. On the Linguistic Correlates of Bilingual Communication. Journal of Social Issues, v. 23, n. 2, p. 48-57, 1967.
Guxman, M. Voprosy formirovanija i razvitija nacional'nyh jazykov. Tradução em inglês sendo preparada pelo The Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C., 1968a.
Guxman, M. Some General Regularities in the Formation and Development of National Languages. In: Guxman, M. Voprosy formirovanija i razvitija nacional'nyh jazykov. The Hague: Mouton, 1968b. p. 295-307. Reimpresso em: Fishman, J. A. (org.). Readings in the Sociology of Language. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.
Harrison, S. S. India: the most dangerous decades. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960.
Haugen, E. Language Planning in Modern Norway. Scandinavian Studies, v. 33, p. 68-81, 1961. (Originalmente, com exemplos textuais adicionados, em Anthropological Linguistics, v. 1, n. 3, p. 8-21, 1959.)
Haugen, E. Language Conflict and Language Planning: the case of modern Norwegian. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966.
Haugen, E. Linguistics and Language Planning. In: Bright, W. (org.). Sociolinguistics. The Hague: Mouton, 1966. p. 50-71.
Heyd, U. Language Reform in Modern Turkey. Jerusalém: The Israel Oriental Society, 1954.
Hunt, C. L. Language Choice in a Multilingual Society. Sociological Inquiry, v. 36, p. 240-253, 1966.
Hymes, D. H. The Ethnography of Speaking. In: Gladwin, T.; Sturtevant, W. C. (orgs.). Anthropology and Human Behavior. Washington, D.C.: Anthropological Society of Washington, 1962. p. 13-53.
Kachru, B. B. Indian English: a study in contextualization. In: Barell, C. E. et al. (orgs.). In Memory of J. R. Firth. Londres: Longmans, 1965.
Kloss, H. Der Linguistische und der Sociologische Sprachbegriff: Abstandsprachen und Ausbausprachen. In: Kloss, H. Die Entwicklung Neuer Germanischer Kultursprachen. Munique: Pohl, 1952.
Labov, W. Phonological Indices to Social Stratification. American Anthropologist, v. 66, n. 6, part 2, p. 164-176, 1964.
Labov, W. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1966a.
Labov, W. The Effect of Social Mobility on Linguistic Behavior. Sociological Inquiry, v. 36, p. 186-203, 1966b.
Labov, W. et al. A Preliminary Study of the Structure of English Used by Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City. Co-operative Research Project 3091. Nova Iorque: Columbia University, 1965.
Lennard, H. L. Anatomy of Psychotherapy. Nova Iorque: Columbia University Press, 1960.
Lepage, R. B. The National Language Question. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1964.
Lieberson, S. Bilingualism in Montreal: a demographic analysis. American Journal of Sociology, v. 71, p. 10-25, 1965.
Lunt, H. G. The Creation of Standard Macedonian: some facts and attitudes. Anthropological Linguistics, v. 1, n. 5, p. 19-26, 1959.
Marriott, M. Cultural Policy in the New States. In: GEERTZ, C. (org.). Old Societies and New States. Nova Iorque: Free Press, 1963.
Mills, H. C. Language Reform in China. Far Eastern Quarterly, v. 15, p. 517-540, 1956.
Morag, S. Planned and Unplanned Development in Modern Hebrew. Lingua, v. 8, p. 247-263, 1959.
Moscos Jr., C. C.; Bell, W. Cultural Unity and Diversity in New States. Teachers College Record, v. 66, p. 679-694, 1965.
Nahirny, V.; Fishman, J. A. American Immigrant Groups: ethnic identification and the problem of generations. Sociological Review, v. 13, p. 311-326, 1965.
Paden, J. N. Language Problems of National Integration in Nigeria: the special position of Hausa. In: Fishman, J. A.; Ferguson, C. A.; Das Gupta, J. (eds.). Language Problems of Developing Nations. Nova Iorque: Wiley & Sons, 1968.
Passin, H. Writer and Journalist in the Transitional Society. In: Pye, L. W. (org.). Communications and Political Development. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963.
Pietrzyk, A. Problems in Language Planning: the case of Hindi. In: Varma, B. N. (org.). Contemporary India. Londres: Asia Publishing House, 1965.
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