CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA EXPERIMENTAÇÃO À COMPREENSÃO DAS PRÁTICAS SOCIAIS EM ANTRACOLOGIA: GESTÃO E USO DA LENHA EM SOCIEDADES PRÉ-HISTÓRICAS
Resumo
Resumo: O desenvolvimento de abordagens socioeconômicos aplicadas à antracologia permitiu abordar temas relacionados com a utilização e gestão da lenha. Estudos etnográficos nos lembram que os critérios segundo os quais uma sociedade escolhe sua lenha não podem ser reduzidos a uma seleção taxonômica "simples": outras características, tais como o diâmetro ou o estado da madeira (verde, seco, podre) são pelo menos tão importante quanto a espécie. Este artigo apresenta uma síntese das recentes ferramentas desenvolvidas para aumentar o potencial da antracologia para o estudo dos usos e gestão de lenha. Experimentos de laboratório padronizados sobre amostras de pinheiro silvestre (Pinus sylvestris), combinando forno mufla e combustões em lareira aberta, permitiram propor novos métodos para identificar o diâmetro e o estado da madeira com base em assinaturas anatômicas. Graças a estes métodos, é possível contribuir para um melhor conhecimento das tradições técnicas ligadas ao uso do fogo, desde a coleta de madeira até fogueiras especializadas, a partir de amostras de carvão arqueológicas.Abstract: The development of socioeconomic approaches applied to charcoal analysis has made it possible to focus on topics related to firewood use and management. Ethnographic studies remind us that the criteria according to which a society chooses its firewood cannot be reduced to a “simple” taxonomic selection: other characteristics, such as the diameter or the state of the wood (i.e. green, seasoned, rotten) are at least as important as the species. The framework of this paper is to present a synthesis of recent tools developed to improve the potential of charcoal analysis for the study of firewood uses and management. Standardized laboratory experiments on Scot Pine (Pinus sylvestris) combining both muffle furnace and open fireplace combustions allowed proposing new methods of identifying the diameter and the state of the wood based on anatomical signatures. Thanks to these methods, it becomes possible to contribute to a better knowledge of the technical traditions linked to the use of fire, from wood gathering to specialized hearths on archaeological charcoal samples.Referências
ALIX, C. Exploitation du bois par les populations néo-eskimo entre le nord de l’Alaska et le Haut Arctique canadien. 2002. Thèse - Université de Paris I, Panthéon Sorbonne, Paris, 2002.
ALLUE, E.; EUBA, I.; SOLE, A. Charcoal Taphonomy: The Study of the Cell Structure and Surface Deformations of Pinus sylvestris type for the Understanding of Formation Processes of Archaeological
Charcoal Assemblages. Journal of Taphonomy, v. 7, n. 2-3, p. 57-72, 2009.
BADAL GARCIA, E.; CARRION, Y.; GRAU, E.; MACIAS, M.; NTINOU, M. The charcoal as cultural and biological heritage. 5th International Meeting of Charcoal Analysis. Valencia, Spain, September 5th9th
Sagvntum Extra 11, 2014, 220 p.
BADAL-GARCIA, E. La antracología: Método de recogida y estudio del carbón prehistórico, Saguntum, v. 21, p.169-182, 1988.
BADAL-GARCIA, E. L'anthracologie préhistorique: à propos de certains problèmes méthodologiques. In: VERNET, J.L. (Org.). Les charbons de bois les anciens écosystèmes et le rôle de l'Homme, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France, v. 139, n. 2-4, p.167-189, 1992.
BEALL, F.C.; BLANKENHORN, P.R.; MOORE, G.R. Carbonized wood-physical properties and use as an SEM Preparation. Wood and Science, v. 6, n.3, p. 212-219, 1974.
BLANCHETTE, R.A. A review of microbial deterioration found in archaeological wood from different environments. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, v.46, p.189-204, 2000.
BLANCHETTE, R.A.; KRUEGER, E.W.; HAIGHT, J.E.; AKHTAR, M. e AKIN, D.E. Cell wall alterations in loblolly pine wood decayed by the white rot fungus Cerioporiopsis subvermispora. Journal of Biotechnology, v. 53, p. 203-213, 1997.
CARUSO FERMÉ, L. Modalidalidades de adquisicion y usos de los recursos lenosos entre grupos cazadores-recoletores patagonicos (Argentina). Tese - Université Autonome de Barcelone, Barcelona,
CARUSO FERMÉ, L.; THÉRY -PARISOT, I.; PIQUE I HUERTA, R. Recolectar o cortar? Modalidades de adquisición del material leñoso en cazadores-recolectores de Patagonia. In Acta del VIII Jornadas de
Arqueología de la Patagonia, Malargüe, 3-7 octubre 2011, 2013.
CHABAL, L. L’étude paléo-écologique de sites protohistoriques à partir des charbons de bois : la question de l’unité de mesure. Dénombrement de fragments ou pesées ? In: HACKENS, T.; MUNAUT, A.V. e TILL, CL. Wood and Archaeology. Bois et archéologie. First European Conference, Louvain-laNeuve, Belgique, October 2nd-3rd 1987, PACT 22, 1990, p. 189-205.
CHABAL L. La représentativité paléo-écologique des charbons de bois archéologiques issus du bois de feu. In: VERNET, J.L. Les charbons de bois les anciens écosystèmes et le rôle de l'Homme. Bulletin de
la Société Botanique de France, v. 139, n. 2-4, p. 213-236, 1992.
CHABAL, L. Forêts et sociétés en Languedoc (Néolithique final, Antiquité tardive. L'anthracologie, méthode et paléoécologie. Documents d'Archéologie Française, v. 63. Paris: Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1997.
CHRZAVZEZ, J. Collecte du bois de fer et paléoenvironnements au Paléolithique. Apport méthodologique et étude de cas: la grotte de Fumane dans les Pré-alpes italiennes. 2006. Mémoire de Master 2,
Université de Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, 2006.
CHRZAVZEZ, J.; HENRY A.; THÉRY -PARISOT, I. Identificando estrategias de adquisición del combustible leñoso en antracología: ¿puede contribuir la experimentación a determinar el calibre de los carbones en contexto arqueológico. In: Morgado, Antonio, Baena Preysler, Javier, García Gonzalez, David. La Investigación Experimental Arqueología. Actes du 2ème Congrès International d'Archéologie expérimentale, 26 au 28 nov.2008. Ronda, Málaga, 2012.
CHRZAVZEZ, J.; THÉRY-PARISOT, I.; FIORUCCI, G.; TERRAL, J.-F.; THIBAUT, B. Impact of post-depositional processes on charcoal fragmentation and archaeobotanical implications: experimental approach combining charcoal analysis and biomechanics. Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 44, p.30-42, 2014.
CUTTER, B.E.; CUMBIE, B.G.; MAC GINNES, E.A. S.E.M. and Shrinkage Analyses of Southern Pine Wood Following Pyrolis. Wood Science and Technology, v.14, p.115-130, 1980.
DUFRAISSE, A. Economie du bois de feu et sociétés Néolithiques : études anthracologiques appliquées aux sites d’ambiance humide des lacs de Chalain et de Clairvaux (Jura, France). Gallia Préhistoire, v. 47, 187-234, 2005.
DUFRAISSE, A. Charcoal anatomy potential, wood diameter and radial growth. In: DUFRAISSE, A. (Org.). Charcoal analysis: new analytical tools and methods for archaeology. Basel 2004, Archaeopress, Oxford p. 47-60, BAR International Series S1483, 2006.
DUFRAISSE, A.; GARCIA-MARTINEZ, M.S. Mesurer les diamètres du bois de feu en anthracologie. Anthropobotanica, v.11, p. 1-18, 2011.
FIORENTINO, G.; MAGRI, D. Charcoals from the Past: Cultural and Palaeoenvironmental Implications Proceeding of the third international meeting of anthracology, Cavallino – Lecce (Italy), June 28thJuly 1st, 2004. BAR International Series 1807, 2006.
GARCIA-MARTINEZ, M.S.; DUFRAISSE, A. Correction factors on archaeological wood diameter estimation. In: BADAL, E.; CARRION, Y.E.; GRAU, E.; GARCIA, M.; NTINOU, M. Wood and charcoal :
evidence for human and natural history. Valencia, Espagne, Saguntum Extra p. 283–290, 2012.
HEINZ, C. Dynamique des végétations holocènes en Méditerranée nord occidentale d'après l'anthracoanalyse de sites préhistoriques: méthodologie et paléoécologie. Paléobiologie continentale, v. XVI, n. 2, 212 p., 1990.
HEINZ, C. ; RUAS, M.-P. ; VAQUER, J. La grotte de l'Abeurador (Félines-Minervois, Hérault): paléoécologie d'après l'anthracologie et la carpologie. In: VERNET, J.L. Les charbons de bois les
anciens écosystèmes et le rôle de l'Homme. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France, 1992, v. 139, n. 2-4, p. 465-482, 1992.
HENRY, A. Paléoenvironnements et gestion du bois de feu au Mésolithique dans le sud-ouest de la France: anthracologie, ethno-archéologie et expérimentation. Thèse de doctorat, University of NiceSophia Antipolis. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00726927, 2011.
HENRY, A.; THÉRY-PARISOT, I. From Evenk campfires to prehistoric hearths: charcoal analysis as a tool for identifying the use of rotted wood as fuel. Journal of Archeological Science, v. 52, p.321–336,
HENRY, H.; BOBOEUF, M. Environnement ligneux et gestion du bois de feu au cours du Mésolithique au Clos de Poujol (Campagnac, Aveyron). Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française, v. 113, n. 1 à 4, p. 5-30, 2016.
KUMAR, R.R.; KOLAR, A.K.; LECKNER, B. Shrinkage characteristics of Casuarina wood during devolatilization in a fluidized bed combustor. Biomass and Bioenergy, v. 30, n.2, p. 153-165, 2006.
LUDEMANN, T. Experimental charcoal-burning with special regard to charcoal wood diameter analysis In: FIORENTINO, G.; MAGRI, D. Charcoals from the past: cultural and palaeoenvironmental
implications. BAR International Series, Lecce, 2008, p. 147-158.
MAC GINNES, E.A.; KANDEL, S.A.; SZOPA, P.S. Some structural changes observed in the structure of wood. Wood and Fiber Science, v. 3, n. 2, p.77-83, 1971.
MARGUERIE, D.; HUNOT, J.-Y. Charcoal analysis and dendrology: data from archaeological sites in northwestern France. Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 34, n.9, p. 1417-1433, 2007.
MCPARLAND, L.C.; COLLINSON, M.E.; SCOTT, A.C.; CAMPBELL, G. The use of reflectance values for the interpretation of natural and anthropogenic charcoal assemblages. Archaeological and
Anthropological Science, v. 1, p.249-261, 2009.
MOORE, G.R.; BLANKENHORN, P.R.; BEALL, F.C.; KLINE, D. Some physical properties of birch carbonisedin a nitrogen athmosphere. Wood and Fiber Science, v. 6, n.3, p.193-199, 1974.
MOSKAL-DEL HOYO, M.; WACHOWIAK, M. e BLANCHETTE, R. Preservation of fungi in archaeological charcoal. Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 37, n.9, p.2106-2116, 2010.
NELLE, O. Charcoal burning remains and forest stand structure - Example from the Black Forest (southwest-Germany) and Bavarian Forest (south-east-Germany), In: THIÉBAULT, S. Charcoal analysis.
Methodological approaches, Palaeoecological results and wood uses. Proceedings of the second international meeting of anthracology, Paris, September 2000. B.A.R. International Series, v.1063, p.
–207, 2002.
PARADIS-GRENOUILLET, S.; DUFRAISSE, A.; ALLEE, P. Radius of curvature measurements and wood diameter: a comparison of different image analysis techniques In: Damblon, F. 4th Internationa Meeting of Anthracology, Brussels, sept. 2008. British Archaeological Report Serie, v. 1063, Brussels, 2013.
PASTOR-VILLEGAS, J.; MENESES RODRÍGUEZ, J.M.; PASTOR-VALLE, J.F.; GARCÍA GARCÍA, M. Changes in commercial wood charcoal by thermal treatments. Journal of Analyical and Applied Pyrolysis, v. 80,
n. 2, p.507-514, 2007.
PRIOR, J.; ALVIN, K.L. Structural changes on charring woods of Dichrostachis and Salix from Southern Africa: the effect of moisture content. IAWA Journal, v.7, n.3, p.243-249, 1986.
PRIOR, J.; GASSON, P. Anatomical changes on charring six African hardwoods. IAWA Journal, v. 14, p.77- 86, 1993.
ROSSEN, J. e OLSON, J. - The controlled carbonisation and archaeological analysis of SE U.S. wood charcoals. Journal of Field Archaeology, v.12, p.445-456, 1985.
SCHWEINGRÜBER, F.H. Anatomie microscopique du bois. Ed: Institut fédéral de Recherche Forestière, Zurcher, A. G, 1978.
SCOTT, A.C.; CRIPPS, J.A.; COLLINSON, M.E. e NICHOLS, G. The taphonomy of charcoal following a recent heathland fire and some implications for the interpretation of fossil charcoal deposits.
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 164, n. 1-4, p.1-31, 2000.
SLOCUM, D.H.; MAC GINNIS, E.A. e BEALL, F.C. Charcoal yield, shrinkage, and density changes during carbonization of oak and hickory woods. Wood Science, v. 11, n. 1, p.42-47, 1978.
STIMELY, G.L.; BLANKENHORN, P.R. Effects of species, specimen size, and heating rate on char yield and fuel properties. Wood and Fiber Science, v.17, n. 4, p.477-489, 1985.
THÉRY-PARISOT, I. Economie des combustibles au Paléolithique, Anthracologie, Expérimentation, Taphonomie. Paris : CNRS-éditions, Dossier de Documentation Archéologique, v. 20, 2001, 195 p.
THÉRY-PARISOT, I. Fuel management (bone and wood) during the lower Aurignacian in the Pataud rock shelter (lower Palaeolithic, les Eyzies de Tayac, Dordogne, France): contribution of experimentation
and anthraco-analysis to the study of the socio-economic behaviour. Journal of Archaeological Science, v.29, p. 1415-1421, 2002a.
THÉRY-PARISOT, I. The gathering of firewood during Palaeolithic time. In: THIÉBAULT, S. Charcoal analysis. Methodological approaches, Palaeoecological results and wood uses. Proceedings of the second international meeting of anthracology, Paris, September 2000. B.A.R. International Series, v.1063, p. 243-250, 2002b.
THÉRY-PARISOT, I.; TEXIER, P.J. L'utilisation du bois mort dans le site moustérien de la Combette (Vaucluse). Apport d'une approche morphométrique des charbons de bois à la définition des fonctions de site, au Paléolithique. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française, v. 103, n. 3, p.453- 463, 2006.
THÉRY-PARISOT, I.; CHABAL, L. e CHRAZVZEZ, J. Anthracology and taphonomy, from wood gathering to charcoal analysis. A review of the taphonomic processes modifying charcoal assemblages.
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v.291, n.1, p. 142-153, 2010a.
THÉRY-PARISOT, I.; CHABAL, L.; NTINOU, M.; BOUBY L.; CARRÉ A. From wood to wood charcoal: an experimental approach to combustion/ Du bois au charbon de bois, approche expérimentale de la combustion. In: THÉRY-PARISOT, I.; CHABAL, L.; COSTAMAGNO, S. The taphonomy of burned organic residues and combustion features in archaeological contexts. Proceedings of the round table,
Valbonne, May 27-29, 2008. Palethnologie, v. 2: p. 79-91/81-93, 2010b.
THÉRY-PARISOT, I.; COSTAMAGNO, S.; HENRY, A. Gestion des combustibles au Paléolithique et au Mésolithique: nouveaux outils, nouvelles interprétations. Proceedings of Workshop 21. UISPP, XV
congress Oxford Archaeopress: BAR International Series 1914, Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006, 2009.
THÉRY-PARISOT, I.; DUFRAISSE, A.; CHRZAZVZEZ, J.; HENRY, A. e GRENOUILLET-PARADIS, S. Charcoal analysis and wood diameter: inductive and deductive methodological approaches for the study of
firewood collecting practices. Sagvntum Extra, v. 11, p. 31-32, 2011.
THÉRY-PARISOT, I.; AND HENRY, A. Seasoned or green? Radial cracks analysis as a method for identifying the use of green wood as fuel in archaeological charcoal. Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 39, n. 2, p. 381-388, 2012.
THIÉBAULT, S. Charcoal analysis. Methodological approches, Palaeoecological results and wood uses. Proceedings of the second international meeting of anthracology, Paris, September 2000. B.A.R. International Series 1063, 2002.
THIEBAULT, S. L’homme et le milieu végétal: analyses anthracologiques de six gisements des Préalpes au tardi et au Postglaciaire. Documents d’Archéologie Française, v. 15, 111 p., Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, 1988.
VERNET, J.-L. Etude sur l’histoire de la végétation du sud-est de la France au Quaternaire, d’après les charbons de bois principalement, Paléobiologie Continentale, v 4, n.1, 1973, 190p.
WILLERDING, U. Methodische probleme bei der Untersuchung und Auswertung von Pflanzenfunden. und frühgeschichtlichen Siedlungen. Narchr aus Neidersachsens Urgesch, p. 180–198, 1971.
Copyright (c) 2016 Isabelle Théry-Parisot, Auréade Henry, Julia Chrzazvez
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Os Cadernos do LEPAARQ publicam artigos em português, espanhol, italiano, francês e inglês, sem cobrança de nenhum tipo de taxa em nenhum momento, respeitando a naturalidade e o estilo dos autores. As provas finais serão enviadas aos autores, para sua conferência antes da publicação. O Conselho Editorial não se responsabiliza por opiniões emitidas pelos autores dos trabalhos publicados. O periódico Cadernos do LEPAARQ oferece acesso livre imediato ao seu conteúdo, seguindo o princípio de que disponibilizar gratuitamente o conhecimento científico ao público proporciona maior democratização mundial do conhecimento. Os textos publicados poderão ser depositados imediatamente pelos autores em suas páginas pessoais, redes sociais e repositórios de textos.Nesse sentido, o periódico não tem fins lucrativos, de modo que os direitos autorais dos artigos publicados pertencerão aos respectivos autores e estes não receberão nenhuma forma de remuneração. Dessa forma, ao enviar o artigo, o autor do mesmo estará automaticamente aceitando esta condição. A reimpressão, total ou parcial, dos trabalhos publicados deve ser apenas informada pelos seus respectivos autores ao conselho editorial do periódico. OBS. Cabe(m) ao(s) autor(es) as devidas autorizações de uso de imagens com direito autoral protegido (Lei nº 9610, de 19 de fevereiro de 1998), que se realizará com o aceite no ato do preenchimento da ficha de inscrição via web.
