Portuguese as an additional language within the context of exchange programme for undergraduate studants
A proposal for theoretical and pedagogical shift
Resumo
This article investigates the processes of curriculum development and enactment for Portuguese as an Additional Language (PAL) courses within the context of Exchange Programme for Undergraduate Students (PEC-G). Nine PAL programme co-ordinators and ten PAL instructors participated in personalised in-depth semi-structured interviews which were guided by the research question: what shapes curriculum within the context of PAL for PEC-G? The findings revealed that the examination for the Certificate of Proficiency in Brazilian Portuguese (Celpe-Bras) had been serving as guidelines for curriculum development and/or enactment within the context of PAL for PEC-G students. While critically acknowledging the contributions of communicative-driven and task-based approaches to the additional language education field, critical and intercultural pedagogies are introduced as an alternative for a theoretical and pedagogical shift within the PAL field – especially for the purposes of curriculum development and enactment.Referências
APPLE, Michael W. Curriculum planning: content, form, and the politics of accountability. In: CONNELLY, F. Michael; HE, Ming Fang; PHILLION, JoAnn (Eds). The SAGE Handbook of Curriculum and Instruction. Thousand Oaks: SAGE, 2008. p. 25-44. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412976572.n2
BACHMAN, Lyle F. Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.
BARNETT, Ronald. Supercomplexity and the curriculum. Studies in Higher Education, London, v. 25, n. 3, p. 225-265, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1080/713696156
BASCIA, Nina; CARR-HARRIS, Shasta; FINE-MEYER, Rose; ZURZOLO, Cara. Teachers, curriculum innovation, and policy formation. Curriculum inquiry, London, v. 44, n. 2, p. 228-248, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1111/curi.12044
BREEN, Michael P. Authenticity in the foreign language classroom. Applied Linguistics, Oxford, v. 6, n. 1, p. 62-70, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/6.1.60
BYRAM, Michael. Language awareness and (critical) cultural awareness – relationships, comparisons, and contrasts. Language Awareness, London, v. 21, n. 1-2, p. 5-13, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2011.639887
CANALE, Germán. (Re)Searching culture in foreign language textbooks, or the politics of hide and seek. Language, Culture and Curriculum, London, v. 29, n. 2, p. 225-243, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2016.1144764
CANALE, Michael. From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy. In: RICHARDS, Jack C.; SCHMIDT, Richard W. (Eds). Language and Communication. Abingdon: Routledge, 1983. p. 2-16.
CANALE, Michael; SWAIN, Merrill. Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, Oxford, v. 1, n. 1, p. 1-47, 1980. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/1.1.1
CARILO, Michele Saraiva. Portuguese as a foreign language within the context of the exchange programme for undergraduate students in Brazil: a proposal for language-in-education policy and curriculum guidelines informed by critical and intercultural perspectives. Tese (Doutorado em Educação de Línguas Modernas) – Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação, Moray House School of Education, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, 2018.
CHARMAZ, Kathy. Constructing Grounded Theory. London: SAGE, 2014.
CROZET, Chantal. The Intercultural Foreign Language Teacher: challenges and choices. In: DASLI, Maria.; DÍAZ, Adriana R. (Eds). The critical turn in language and intercultural communication pedagogy. London: Routledge, 2017. p. 143-161.
EISNER, Elliot W. A development agenda: creative curriculum development and practice. Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, Alexandria, v. 6, n. 1, p. 62-73, 1990.
FORMAN, Ross. How local teachers respond to the culture and language of a global English as a Foreign Language textbook. Language, Culture and Curriculum, London, v. 27, n. 1, p. 72-88, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2013.868473
FREIRE, Paulo. Pedagogia do Oprimido. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1987.
FULLAN, Michael. Curriculum implementation and sustainability. In: CONNELLY, F. Michael; HE, Ming Fang; PHILLION, JoAnn (Eds). The SAGE Handbook of Curriculum and Instruction. Thousand Oaks: SAGE, 2008. p. 113-122. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412976572.n6
GANDANA, Isti; PARR, Graham. Professional identity, curriculum and teaching intercultural communication: an Indonesian case study. Language, Culture and Curriculum, London, v. 26, n. 3, p. 229-246, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2013.833620
GRAY, John. The construction of English culture, consumerism, and promotion in the ELT global coursebook. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
GUILHERME, Maria Manuela. Critical Language and Intercultural Communication Pedagogy. In: JACKSON, Jane. (Ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Language and Intercultural Communication. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012. p. 357-371.
GUILHERME, Maria Manuela.; DIETZ, Gunther. Difference in diversity: multiple perspectives on multicultural, intercultural, and transcultural conceptual complexities. Journal of Multicultural Discourses, London, v. 10, n. 1, p. 1-21, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17447143.2015.1015539
HALLIDAY, Michael A.K. Explorations in the functions of language. London: Edward Arnold, 1973.
HOLLIDAY, Adrian. Culture, communication, context, and power. In: JACKSON, Jane (Ed). The Routledge Handbook of Language and Intercultural Communication. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012. p. 37-51.
HYMES, Dell H. On communicative competence. In: PRIDE, John B.; HOLMES, Janet. (Eds). Sociolinguistics: Selected Readings. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971. p. 269-293.
JOHNSON, John M. In-depth Interviewing. In: GUBRIUM, Jaber F.; HOLSTEIN, James. (Eds). The SAGE Handbook of Interview Research. London: SAGE, 2001. p. 695-711.
KACHRU, Braj B. World Englishes: critical concepts in Linguistics. New York: Routledge, 2006.
KVALE, Steinar. Doing Interviews. London: SAGE, 2007. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849208963
KELLY, Albert V. The Curriculum: theory and practice. London: SAGE, 2009.
KENNEDY, Claire; DÍAZ, Adriana R.; DASLI, Maria. Cosmopolitan meets language education. In: DASLI, Maria.; DÍAZ, Adriana R. (Eds). The critical turn in language and intercultural communication pedagogy. London: Routledge, 2017. p. 162-179.
KRAMSCH, Claire. Post 9/11: foreign languages between knowledge and power. Applied Linguistics, Oxford, v. 26, n. 4, p. 545-567, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ami026
KRAMSCH, Claire. The symbolic dimensions of the intercultural. Language Teaching, Cambridge, v. 44, n. 3, p. 354-367, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444810000431
KRAMSCH, Claire. Teaching foreign languages in an era of globalisation: introduction. Modern Language Journal, New York, v. 98, n. 1, p. 296-311, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2014.12057.x
LIDDICOAT, Anthony J.; SCARINO, Angela. Intercultural Language Teaching and Learning. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118482070
LIMA, Ronaldo A. Representações do Brasil em textos do exame Celpe-Bras. Tese (Doutorado em Estudos da Linguagem) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói/RJ, 2008.
MARSH, Colin. Key concepts for understanding curriculum. London: RoutledgeFalmer, 2004. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203326893
MICKAN, Peter. Language curriculum design and socialisation. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 2013. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847698315
NATION, Paul; MACALISTER, John. Language curriculum design. London: Routledge, 2010. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203870730
NUNAN, David. Communicative tasks and the language curriculum. TESOL Quarterly, New York, v. 25, n. 2, p. 279-295, 1991. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587464
NUNAN, David. Task-based language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667336
RICHARDS, Jack C. Course planning and syllabus design. In: RICHARDS, Jack C. (Eds). Curriculum development in language teaching. 2. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. p. 145-197.
SCARAMUCCI, Matilde R. V. O projeto Celpe-Bras no âmbito do Mercosul: contribuições para uma definição de proficiência comunicativa. In: ALMEIDA FILHO, José Carlos P. (Eds). Português para Estrangeiros: interface com o espanhol. Campinas: Pontes Editores, 1995. p. 77-90.
SCARAMUCCI, Matilde R. V. Proficiência em LE: considerações terminológicas e conceituais. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, Campinas, v. 36, n. 2, p. 11-22, 2000.
SCARAMUCCI, Matilde R. V. Efeito retroativo da avaliação no ensino/aprendizagem de línguas: o estado da arte. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, Campinas, v. 43, n. 2, p. 203-226, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-18132004000200002
SCARAMUCCI, Matilde R. V. O exame Celpe-Bras e a proficiência do professor de português para falantes de outras línguas. Digilenguas, Córdoba, v. 12, n. junho, p. 48-67, 2012.
SCHLATTER, M. SCARAMUCCI, Matilde V. R.; PRATI, S. ACUÑA, L. Celpe-Bras e CELU: impactos da construção de parâmetros comuns de avaliação em proficiência em português e espanhol. In: ZOPPI-FONTANA, M. (Ed). O português do Brasil como língua transnacional. Campinas: RG Editora, 2009. p. 195-222.
SCHOFFEN, Juliana. R. Gêneros do discurso e parâmetros de avaliação de proficiência em português como língua estrangeira no exame Celpe-Bras. Tese (Doutorado em Linguística Aplicada) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre/RS, 2009.
SHOHAMY, Eleana; DONITSA-SCHMIDT, Smadar; FERMAN, Irit. Test impact revisited: washback effect over time. Language Testing, London, v. 13, p. 298-317, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1177/026553229601300305
SMITH, Jonathan A. Semi-structured Interviewing and Qualitative Analysis. In: SMITH, Jonathan A.; HARRE, Rom; VAN LANGENHOVE, Luk. (Eds). Rethinking Methods in Psychology. London: SAGE, 1995. p. 10-27. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446221792.n2
ZOPPI-FONTANA, Mónica G.; DINIZ, Leandro R. A. Declinando a língua pelas injunções do mercado: institucionalização do português língua estrangeira (PLE). Estudos Linguísticos, São Paulo, v. 37, n. 3, p. 89-119, 2008.